India’s Blue Frontier economy focuses on sustainably exploiting vast ocean resources for economic growth, jobs and livelihoods, spanning fisheries, shipping, tourism, and energy across the Indian Ocean Region.

A Maritime Moment Arrives

1.       When India released its Vision of New India by 2030, few phrases captured the nation’s strategic aspirations more evocatively than the declaration of the Blue Economy as one of the six pillars of long-term growth[1]. It was a quiet yet profound shift; a recognition that the country’s economic future would be shaped as much by the waters surrounding it as by the land it occupies. Today, a decade after the first wave of maritime reforms began taking shape, India stands on the threshold of a dramatic transformation—one in which ports, shipping, fisheries, deep-sea technology, logistics, coastal tourism and green energy are converging into a coherent national maritime strategy.

2.       The numbers tell their own story, but the narrative behind them tells an even more compelling one. India’s blue economy—valued at just ₹3.7 lakh crore in 2015—has more than tripled to about ₹13.2 lakh crore in 2025[2], and under current trajectories could reach ₹24–30 lakh crore by 2035, with accelerated projections pushing it as high as ₹50–60 lakh crore[3]. This growth is not accidental, but a product of a decade of deliberate investment, reform and recalibration—an ambitious attempt to modernise a maritime sector that had long remained underperforming despite its potential[4].

3.       This article traces the evolution of that transformation. It is not merely a catalogue of policies, nor a collection of economic numbers, but a story of how India’s maritime awakening is reshaping its economy, its coastal communities, its industrial ecosystem and its strategic posture in the Indo-Pacific[5]. It is about how the Blue Economy is slowly becoming a blue engine.

A Decade of Change: From Underperformance to Momentum

4.       In 2015, the idea of a maritime-led growth story seemed distant. Inland waterways were moving barely 18 million tonnes of cargo[6], cruise tourism was a niche activity[7], and India’s ports, though functional, were far from world-class benchmarks. Shipbuilding was a marginal global player, and the country’s deep-sea technologies were still largely experimental[8].

5.       Yet beneath this quiet surface, the first wave of reform was beginning to build. Sagarmala, launched that year, represented a significant mindset shift[9]. Instead of viewing ports as stand-alone gateways, the government began treating them as centres of industrial and logistics ecosystems. The aim was to use India’s natural maritime geography—over 11,000 km of coastline and 14,500 km of navigable potential waterways—as a strategic economic asset. The programme brought unprecedented capital into port modernisation, coastal infrastructure and waterways development. By 2025, 839 projects valued at ₹5.79 lakh crore had been identified, of which 272 projects had been completed with ₹1.41 lakh crore already invested[10].

6.       The effect has been nothing short of transformative. Major port cargo increased from 581 MT in 2014–15 to 855 MT in 2024–25[11], while total port capacity has nearly doubled. Inland waterway cargo has grown eightfold[12], reaching 145.5 MMT in      2024–25 and projected to hit 300–350 MMT by 2035[13]. In global maritime economics, very few countries have witnessed such a rapid modal shift in such a short period.

7.       What changed was not just physical infrastructure, but the broader architecture of maritime governance. The Major Port Authorities Act 2021 ended an outdated trust-based model and gave ports commercial autonomy, flexibility in tariffs and the ability to attract private sector investment. Meanwhile, the National Waterways Act, Inland Vessels Act and Jal Marg Vikas Project created a legal and operational foundation for a modern waterborne logistics grid.

8.       If the first half of the decade was about building hardware, the second half has been about building systems. Port Community System 1x (PCS1xB), National Logistics Portal – Marine (NLP Marine), the Logistics Data Bank and Unified Logistics Interface Platform are bringing digital transparency and coordination to port and EXIM (Export-Import) operations[14]. This digitalisation, far from being a mere technological embellishment, is reducing dwell times, eliminating paperwork bottlenecks and strengthening India’s case for global trade integration.

The Economics Beneath the Waves: How Growth is Being Generated

9.       What makes India’s maritime resurgence particularly interesting is that its benefits extend far beyond port terminals or shipping corridors. The economic linkages ripple across sectors, such as:-

9.1.    Logistics Efficiency and Industrial Competitiveness.          India’s logistics costs have long hovered at 13–14% of GDP[15], significantly higher than peer economies. Maritime interventions are reducing that number. As inland waterways and coastal shipping expand, bulk cargo can shift from road to significantly cheaper waterborne modes, generating savings of up to 0.5–1% of GDP by 2035[16]. Port-proximate industrial clusters such as petrochemicals, steel, food processing and automotives are emerging as cost-efficient alternatives to inland manufacturing, courtesy lower inventory costs and faster access to trade routes. The result is a powerful multiplier effect; every rupee spent on maritime infrastructure generates between 1.8× and 2.5× in economic gains across supply chains[17].

9.2.    The Quiet Revolution in Waterways.          If one had to pick the most underrated story of India’s maritime decade, it would be the resurgence of inland water transport. National Waterway-1 alone—stretching from Haldia to Varanasi—has begun to demonstrate not only economic viability but environmental superiority[18]. Moving cargo by river reduces carbon emissions by 60–80% compared to road transport, a crucial factor as India commits to greener freight pathways[19].

9.3.    Coastal Communities and the Fisheries Dividend.          India’s fisheries sector is often perceived as an agrarian adjunct, but it is, in reality, a strategic component of the blue economy, supporting 28 million livelihoods and contributing 1% of national GVA (Gross Value Added). Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)[20], deep-sea fishing reforms, harbour modernisation and cold-chain upgrades have pushed India to the position of third third-largest fish producer globally, with over 16.25 MMT produced in 2022–23 and seafood exports touching ₹60,523 crore[21]. Future projections are even stronger: by 2035, India could produce 25–30 MMT with exports rising to US$12–15 billion, especially if the country scales up mariculture, seaweed farming and high-value processing[22].

9.4.    The Shipbuilding Reawakening.       Once a marginal maritime manufacturer, India is now resurfacing in the global shipbuilding map. In 2022, the Indian shipbuilding industry was valued at just USD 90 million; by 2024, it exceeded USD 1.12 billion[23]. Government incentives, including an expanded ₹24,000 crore Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy[24], the ₹2.5 lakh crore Maritime Development Fund[25], and planned shipbuilding clusters, are aligning Indian yards for higher value orders. If India captures even 2–3% of global shipbuilding, as projected, annual revenues could exceed US$4–5 billion by 2035, creating thousands of skilled jobs in design, engineering, ancillary manufacturing and repair[26].

Tourism, Technology and the Green Transition: New Pillars of Blue Growth

10.     Maritime development is not limited to traditional hard infrastructure. Several softer, high-value sectors are emerging as critical drivers of the next decade. Listed below are a few important sectors that are transforming the Blue Economy of India.

10.1.   Cruise, Coastal and Island Tourism.     India’s cruise tourism is transitioning from infancy to adolescence. Market value has doubled since 2022, currently exceeding USD 138 million and is projected to reach USD 322.6 million by 2030[27], with MIV 2030 estimating an eightfold increase in cruise traffic[28]. Cruise terminals in Mumbai, Goa, Kochi, Chennai and Visakhapatnam; lighthouse tourism circuits and island development initiatives in Lakshadweep and Andaman & Nicobar are collectively positioning India as a major cruise destination in the Indo-Pacific[29]. By the mid-2030s, coastal and marine tourism could contribute up to one-quarter of total Blue Economy GVA—a transformational jump for coastal states.

10.2.   Deep Ocean Mission and Blue Biotechnology.     India’s ambitions now extend far below the surface of the oceans. With a ₹4,077 crore Deep Ocean Mission[30], the country is developing technologies to explore and potentially extract polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich crusts and marine genetic resources[31]. The establishment of a deep-sea microbial repository signals a new era of marine biotech research with applications in pharmaceuticals, enzymes and environmental remediation[32]. Though commercialisation will likely occur only after 2030, the long-term strategic payoff—in critical minerals, R&D ecosystems and technological sovereignty—is immense.

10.3.   The Green Maritime Transition.        India’s maritime decarbonisation push is both climate logic and competitive logic. The Harit Sagar Guidelines mandate that major ports move to 60% renewable energy by 2030 and 90% by 2047[33]. LNG bunkering, shore-to-ship power, electric cargo handling and green hydrogen pilots at VOC Port show that India is preparing for a world where green shipping corridors become the backbone of sustainable trade. This transition is not just about emissions; it is about positioning Indian ports as future-ready destinations for global shipping lines that must meet decarbonisation mandates. A Snapshot of Transformation (2015 → 2025 → 2035). The table below summarises/ illustrates India’s maritime transition.

Table 1: The Blue Economy’s Evolution and Trajectory

Drivers for the Next Decade of Growth

11      Multimodal Logistics Integration.    As Gati Shakti integrates ports, rail corridors, inland waterways, airports and highways into a unified grid, logistics costs will fall, and industrial clusters will become more competitive[34].

12.     Domestic Demand for Shipbuilding & Repair.     The renewal of India’s coastal fleet, expansion of offshore wind and potential for regional repair hubs will create reliable domestic order books[35].

13.     Aquaculture, Seaweed and High-Value Fisheries.          Sustainable mariculture could become a billion-dollar industry, elevating rural incomes and strengthening India’s food security profile[36].

14.     Digitalisation of Trade.  PCS1x and NLP Marine will reduce transaction frictions and bring India closer to global single-window standards.

15.     Blue Finance and Maritime NBFCs.   Specialised lending instruments will lower the cost of capital for shipyards, port-logistics operators and green maritime startups[37].

16.     Coastal Tourism & Island Development.    A growing middle class, better cruise terminals and eco-tourism hubs will create a thriving leisure maritime economy[38].

India’s Maritime Future Is Being Written Now

17.     Standing at the intersection of tradition and transformation, India’s maritime sector today feels like a story still in its opening chapters. The last decade has built momentum; the next decade will determine direction. What makes this moment particularly consequential is not only the scale of investment but the clarity of national intent. For the first time in independent India’s history, the maritime domain is being treated not as an adjunct sector but as a strategic driver of economic, technological and geopolitical strength.

18.     The Blue Economy forces us to think in long horizons—about resource sustainability, climate resilience, innovative financing, coastal livelihoods and scientific discovery. It demands that growth be inclusive, technology be adaptive, and ecosystems be respected. It also demands confidence. Confidence that India can be more than a maritime nation by geography; it can be a maritime power by design.

19.     If India’s economic rise in the 2000s was built on services and the rise in the 2010s was fuelled by digital transformation, the rise in the 2030s may very well be anchored in the oceans. The seas that have shaped India’s past are now shaping its future. And the future, as it unfolds across ports, shipyards, fishing harbours, cruise terminals, laboratories and ocean floors, is undeniably blue.

Title Image Courtesy: https://politicsforindia.com/

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed by the author do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of India and the Defence Research and Studies

Bibliography

1.       Government of India – Acts, Reports & Policy Documents

Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying.
Annual Report 2022–23. New Delhi: Government of India, 2023. https://dof.gov.in.
The Inland Vessels Act, 2021. Act No. 21 of 2021. New Delhi: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. https://indiacode.nic.in.
The Major Port Authorities Act, 2021. Act No. 1 of 2021. New Delhi: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. https://indiacode.nic.in.
The National Waterways Act, 2016. Act No. 17 of 2016. New Delhi: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. https://indiacode.nic.in.
The Recycling of Ships Act, 2019. Act No. 49 of 2019. New Delhi: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. https://indiacode.nic.in.
Budget Speech 2019: Vision of New India by 2030. New Delhi: Government of India. https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_Speech.pdf.

Jal Marg Vikas Project (JMVP) and Inland Waterways Statistics. New Delhi: IWAI. https://iwai.nic.in.
Draft National Blue Economy Policy Framework. New Delhi: MoES, 2021. https://services.incois.gov.in/documents/Blue_Economy_policy.pdf.
Deep Ocean Mission – Mission Document. New Delhi: MoES, 2021. https://moes.gov.in.
Harit Sagar: Green Port Guidelines 2023. New Delhi: MoPSW. https://shipmin.gov.in.
Maritime India Vision 2030. New Delhi: MoPSW, 2021. https://shipmin.gov.in.
National Logistics Portal – Marine (NLP Marine). New Delhi: MoPSW, 2022. https://maritimeportal.nic.in.
Sagarmala Programme Reports and Project Database. New Delhi: MoPSW, 2015–2024. https://sagarmala.gov.in.Ocean Ecosystem Accounts in India: A Framework – Report of the Expert Group. New Delhi: MoSPI, 2025.
Coastal and Marine Tourism Strategy. New Delhi: MoT, 2024. https://tourism.gov.in.
India’s Freight Optimization and Logistics Cost Reduction Study. New Delhi: NITI Aayog, 2021.
Fisheries and Blue Economy Vision 2035. New Delhi: NITI Aayog, 2020.

2.       Press Information Bureau (PIB) Releases
“Cabinet Approves Deep Ocean Mission.” June 16, 2021. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1727186.
“India Is the Third Largest Fish Producer in the World.” March 5, 2023. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1905072.
“Cargo Movement on Inland Waterways Registers 700% Growth.” April 4, 2024. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1997887.
“Sagarmala Programme: Status of 839 Projects Worth ₹5.79 Lakh Crore.” 2024. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2000428.
“Maritime India – From Vision 2030 to Amrit Kaal 2047.” October 26, 2025. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2182563.
“Port Performance Improves with PCS 1x.” 2023. https://pib.gov.in.

3.       Supporting Analytical Sources

Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) Report.  Sailing to New Horizons: India’s Cruise Tourism Outlook 2024. Seychelles: IORA Secretariat, 2024, World Bank Report. Port-Led Development: Economic Multiplier Assessment. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2020.RIS (Research and Information System for Developing Countries) Report, Propelling India’s Maritime Vision. New Delhi: RIS, 2022.

References

[1] https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/Budget_Speech.pdf

[2]  https://services.incois.gov.in/documents/Blue_Economy_policy.pdf

[3] https://rajyasabha.nic.in

[4] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2182563

[5] https://mea.gov.in/ipoioverview.htm

[6] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1997887

[7] https://shipmin.gov.in

[8] Maritime India Vision 2030, Chapter 1: Challenges & Baseline.

[9] https://sagarmala.gov.in

[10] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2000428

[11] https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2182563  

[12] PIB – IWAI cargo statistics (2024–25).

[13] Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) Vision 2047.

[14] MoPSW – National Logistics Portal Marine Overview. https://maritimeportal.nic.in

[15] Ministry of Commerce – Logistics Cost Report 2022. https://commerce.gov.in

[16] NITI Aayog – India’s Freight Optimization Study (2021).

[17] World Bank – Port-Led Development Multiplier Effect Study (2020).

[18] JMVP Project Brief – IWAI. https://iwai.nic.in

[19] MoEFCC + IWAI “National Waterways Environmental Benefit Report” (2021).

[20] PMMSY Operational Guidelines (GoI). https://dof.gov.in/pmmsy 

[21] Dept of Fisheries – Annual Report 2022–23. https://dof.gov.in

[22] NITI Aayog – Blue Economy Fisheries Vision 2035.

[23] Cochin Shipyard + MoPSW Industry Review (2024).

[24] MoPSW SBFAP Circular (2023).

[25] Sagarmala Development Company Ltd. MDFA proposal (2022).

[26] MIV 2030 – Shipbuilding Roadmap, Chapter 7.

[27] IORA – “Sailing to New Horizons: India Cruise Outlook 2024”.

[28] MIV 2030, Chapter on Cruise Tourism.

[29] MoPSW – Cruise Tourism Action Plan (2023).

[30] PIB – “Cabinet Approves Deep Ocean Mission” (2021). https://pib.gov.in

[31] MoES – DOM Mission Document (2021).

[32] MoES – NIOT Deep-Sea Research Programmes (2022). 

[33] MoPSW – Harit Sagar Guidelines 2023. https://shipmin.gov.in

[34] PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan – MoPSW inputs

[35] MIV 2030 Shipbuilding chapter

[36] NITI Aayog – Fisheries Vision 2035

[37] Sagarmala Finance Framework (2023).

[38] MoT – Coastal & Marine Tourism Strategy (2024).